Seòmar agus comataidhean

No. The target-setting criteria are as I laid them out. We want alignment with the biodiversity strategy and the global biodiversity framework. The target-setting criteria were set out for the bill, with all the alignments. There had to be criteria for setting the targets. It is not a case of not bringing anything new; it is about the target-setting criteria being interwoven into all the other biodiversity goals, outcomes and frameworks to ensure that the targets are robust, measurable, realistic and achievable.

Yes—exactly. I come back to the point that we cannot just set arbitrary targets; there have to be criteria behind the targets, and they have to be grounded in all the other strategies that have been followed to get us to 2030, to halt biodiversity decline, to become nature positive and to have species restoration by 2045.

That is why I was a bit confused.

Happy days.

As you rightly say, it comes back to partnership working and the co-ordination of data. We have identified that there are a few streams of work in some of the bodies that already exist in Scotland, such as NatureScot, which is supporting local environment record centres, for example. It has a budget associated with that of just over £220,000. We engage with and collect and use data from our academic institutions, which are already funded by the public purse. Data also comes in from various third sector organisations, which might involve citizen science as well. We can look at impact assessments, particularly for the target setting, and whether any additional funding is needed once we have set the targets.

It is important to mention that it is not just the bill or my portfolio that have actions to improve data. I am particularly pleased that, recently, the Cabinet Secretary for Rural Affairs, Land Reform and Islands and I have jointly budgeted for light detection and ranging data to be collected across Scotland. I am very excited about what the surveys that have been done as part of that will yield. I believe that the planes have already been out to record data on what is actually happening in Scotland’s landscape. That will inform a lot of the work that we do on biodiversity, peatland restoration, the health of some areas and the forestry that is associated with some areas.

It is not just in the bill that there is spend. Data is associated with the actions that the nature restoration fund generates, too. If anything specific arises as a result of the target setting that happens under secondary legislation, we would, of course, have to look at how we would fund it.

I will speak to that fundamental point. As you have rightly said, there are already habitats regulations that contain minor amending powers, but they are very limited. They allow Scottish ministers to amend only the list of protected species, the additional list of wild animals that cannot be lawfully taken or killed and the prohibited methods of taking or killing animals. Beyond that, they do not have the flexibility that is needed to adapt to future circumstances of the sort that we mentioned in relation to part 1.

The bill provides a bespoke power that is tailored for Scotland to modify the habitats regulations and the legislation that forms the EIA regime, and, critically, it plugs a legislative gap that exists as a result of EU exit. The bill will allow the Scottish Government to respond to evolving circumstances; to be dynamic and agile in response to particular changes, needs, trends and impacts; and to maintain and advance environmental standards, responding to decisions that have been made in the past that are no longer relevant.

It is really important to note that the bill also provides protections. The power may be used only when Scottish ministers consider that doing so would be in accordance with certain purposes, which I will set out for the committee.

First, the power may be used

“to maintain or advance standards in relation to—

(i) restoring, enhancing or managing the natural environment,

(ii) preserving, protecting or restoring biodiversity,

(iii) environmental assessments”.

It may also be used

“to facilitate progress toward any statutory target relating to the environment, climate or biodiversity that applies in Scotland”,

“to ensure consistency or compatibility with other ... Regimes”

or

“to take account of changes in technology or developments in scientific understanding”.

That brings me back to the point about data and evidence as well as the point about the technology associated with assessing impacts on the environment.

The power may be used

“to resolve ambiguity, remove doubt or anomaly, facilitate improvement in the clarity or accessibility of the law”.

That goes back to Mercedes Villalba’s earlier point about the ability to resolve things that are not ambiguous in the law but which are not actually working. Finally, the power may be used

“to improve or simplify the operation of the law.”

The existing powers do not allow us to do any of that. I am proposing the power, because we need that agility, particularly to respond to the impacts of climate change. If we consider habitats in general, is primary legislation required to put in place special protection areas? I look to my officials for an answer.

Right. However, if we can use the proposed power, we will be able to be agile. We could have a situation in which a particular designation is out of date, because the circumstances on the ground have—literally—changed. Maybe the designation was there to protect a particular species or ecosystem where there was a threat to the environment, but that has changed. Maybe the species that were associated with the designation have moved further north or to another area as a result of climate change. The power will give us the agility to act in those areas, too.

The purposes that I mentioned are important safeguards, because we could not use the power willy-nilly. The reason will have to accord with one of those purposes.

Let me take that away.

When I was preparing for this, it was put to me that the simplest way to deal with this was to have a bespoke power for Scotland. If we do not have that, the standards and the legislation that we have, which are associated with EU legislation, will, in effect, be frozen at the time of the UK’s exit from the EU, and we will not be able to adapt beyond that. That is why we are looking to the bill to fill that gap. It means that we will be able to adapt to future circumstances and even to some present circumstances, many of which I outlined earlier.

It is not that we have not had those conversations with DEFRA. We have done an analysis of regulation 9D and we do not believe that it gives us the flexibility to respond in an agile way to situations on the ground and in the sea.