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The budget bids that different justice partners make annually are based partly on their headcounts and staffing costs, which tend to be the largest part of justice agencies’ financial commitments. Within that, they will also make bids for or asks around their ambitions for transformation, reform and investment.

For example, Police Scotland has had an increase of £10 million in capital investment, and there will be an increase in the capital budget for the coming financial year—provided that the budget is passed—of £2 million for the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service. Moreover, Police Scotland has a three-year business plan; it has clearly identified reform work on the better use of digital expertise, equipment and provision and is working through its estates master plan.

Although I cannot make commitments without seeing an operational model or a business case that all partners have signed up to, that is not to say that nothing can happen right now because of a budget settlement.

Good morning. The draft International Organisations (Immunities and Privileges) (Scotland) Amendment Order 2025 is an order in council made by His Majesty under powers in the International Organisations Act 1968. The nature of the reserved/devolved divide means that, where privileges and immunities relate to devolved matters in Scotland, the function of advising His Majesty in relation to the order is devolved. As such, the order deals only with matters that are within the legislative competence of the Scottish Parliament.

The purpose of the order is primarily to ensure that the relevant privileges and immunities are in place for two international organisations: the European Forest Institute and the Global Combat Air Programme International Government Organisation, which is otherwise known as GIGO.

Committee members might recall that we committed to correct a drafting error in the previous immunities and privileges order, and the order fulfils that commitment, too.

To assist the committee, I will say a little more about the background to the order. The European Forest Institute—EFI—and the United Kingdom Government have signed a host country agreement to formally establish an EFI office in London, which requires certain privileges and immunities to function and operate effectively. The EFI is an international organisation that was set up to conduct research and provide policy advice on forest-related issues.

The global combat air programme—GCAP—is a multinational initiative that is led by the UK, Japan and Italy to jointly develop next-generation fighter aircraft by 2035. GIGO will function as the executive body of GCAP, with the legal capacity to place contracts with industrial partners. Defence manufacturing in Scotland is fundamental to our national engineering and manufacturing sector, and the global combat air programme is an important opportunity for Scotland that will drive future investment. The order in council forms part of the secondary legislation that is needed to establish GIGO.

As is common in recent privileges and immunities orders, the order provides for exceptions to immunity in respect of road traffic offences and accidents. Approving the order will correct a historical error and, importantly, ensure that we are able to meet our international obligations. As a good global citizen, it is the responsibility of the Scottish Government to bring the order to the Parliament for consideration. I commend it to the committee.

I have always been clear that, internally in the Scottish Government, we need to practise what we preach if we expect our partners to take a whole-system approach, working outwith operational boundaries and silos. In Government, we need to be doing likewise. Cabinet Secretary for Justice and Home Affairs is the eighth ministerial role that I have held over a number of years, and this is an area in which I have seen a vast improvement internally.

I will give one example. Obviously, the Cabinet meets, but, as far as work on adult social care and adult protection is concerned, you are right to point out that there is a myriad of workstreams, plans and interventions. I chair a ministerial group that involves three health ministers, the children’s minister and the equalities minister. The group oversees six divisions of Government. That is just one example of working across portfolios, and there are many others that I could give you.

The mental health review that was undertaken by Lord Scott was a substantial piece of work—it was quite incredible, actually. Indeed, I remember its 900 pages dropping into my inbox when I was the Minister for Drugs Policy. It is a substantive bit of work to implement. What health colleagues have done thus far is, as you would expect, take a bit of time to consider Lord Scott’s recommendations and his very thorough and detailed report, because it looks not only at law reform, capacity and the importance of support but at increasing accountability, and our commitment to human rights is woven through all of that, too. Health colleagues undertook to devise an initial delivery plan, and last June they published the mental health and capacity reform programme.

Although the overall work will take several years to implement—and colleagues have been very up front about that—action has been planned and pursued from October 2023 to April 2025, and colleagues have prioritised what can be achieved quickly and, indeed, within existing resources. They will start to scope out new work on the next steps. That work contributes to the outcomes in the mental health and wellbeing strategy, which is led by health but is, of course, a cross-Government endeavour.

I suppose that there are two aspects to that, convener; Dr Cook can pitch in after me. On the one hand, we need to move away from practice that is unduly risk averse and make sure that positive decisions are made around risk assessment. I fully support the chief constable in her drive for safe and timely handovers, for a host of reasons that you will be well versed in.

On gaps in provision, the work around safe spaces is also potentially important in that sphere. However, the purpose of the partnership development group and its action plan and collaborative commitments is to give local areas the tools and wherewithal to ensure that they have good local relationships and that there is direct communication from services and people on the ground that is specific to individuals, and that local protocols and distress pathways are more clearly visible and identified.

The central goal is, I suppose, for every area to have well-developed distress pathways. We cannot fit everybody into a box. We have to recognise that, whether we are talking about health services or Police Scotland, first and foremost, they are dealing with people, and they are also dealing with dynamic situations.

The strength of the work is that it looks to support and develop from the ground up, as opposed to imposing a solution from on high, and I know that HMICS would endorse that point. However, not all the focus should be on the front line. Part of the partnership development group approach is that the people who are involved at strategic level all have responsibilities to implement decisions at that level. When the framework and the collaborative commitments are published, you will see that very clear commitments are made by named individuals in organisations.

I will check with Dr Cook whether there is anything more to say from a practice point of view that would help.

I will check whether the Crown Office wishes to do this, but I will ensure that the committee gets that factual information from the most relevant source, whether that is me or the Crown Office, on the pre and post positions with respect to the change in recorded police warnings that took place in 2021.

When it comes to the budget, any cabinet secretary will want to negotiate the best possible deal for their portfolio in their direct engagement with the finance secretary, and I am very pleased that the resource budget for policing will be increasing by £57 million and that the overall investment is £1.62 billion.

That said, any cabinet secretary also looks beyond what they negotiate for their own portfolio. You look at what investment colleagues have in their areas—in this case, health—and how it can be aligned with your own work. I always take a pragmatic approach to this; I am less bothered about trying to carve out or capture part of another portfolio’s budget than I am about how that budget is being directed and aligned.

Thank you, convener, and happy new year to you and everybody on the committee.

I am grateful for the opportunity to speak about some of the work that I have outlined in my correspondence to the committee, and for the opportunity to principally focus on policing and mental health. In relation to mental health concerns, the Scottish Government believes that there should be no wrong door to accessing unplanned or urgent mental health support, and that anyone in need of that support must receive the right care in the right place at the right time.

At the outset, however, it is only right that I acknowledge that not everyone who may have a mental health-related concern is vulnerable or in distress. There are many circumstances not related to mental health in which a person may be classed as vulnerable, unable to protect themselves or at risk of harm and exploitation.

It is also important to acknowledge that distress can be a normal response to life-challenging situations, and that does not mean that everyone experiencing distress will need formal mental health intervention. In any and all of those circumstances, individuals should be able to access the service that is best placed to meet their needs.

However, there are undoubtedly continued concerns about the demand that mental health-related calls in particular place on policing. We are working with partners, including Police Scotland, to improve individuals’ experience of accessing support and to ensure that resources are deployed appropriately to reduce unnecessary demands on police officers.?

Since 2021, we have been working with partners, including health boards and Police Scotland, through the mental health unscheduled care network to improve the mental health unscheduled care response and to ensure that those in need of urgent or unplanned mental health care are directed to the most appropriate service and receive support quickly. That is being facilitated by the 24/7 availability of a mental health clinician in every health board for those who require urgent mental health assessment or an urgent referral to local mental health services. Those clinicians are available to front-line services, including Police Scotland, through local community triage pathways.

Through the development of the enhanced mental health pathway, we have enabled Police Scotland’s command and control centres to direct calls from individuals who have been identified as needing mental health advice and support to NHS 24’s mental health hub. In her update to the Scottish Police Authority in November, the chief constable acknowledged the impact of the pathway in helping to reduce demands on officers: 10,611 referrals to NHS 24 have allowed 54,328 officer hours to be redirected to other duties.

More broadly, we are working with a number of partners to deliver the actions in the mental health and wellbeing strategy’s first joint delivery plan and workforce action plan, which were published jointly with the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities. They seek to create real and lasting change in the country’s mental health, with a whole-systems approach that has a renewed focus on prevention and early intervention.

In its thematic review of mental health demand on policing, HMICS recognised that mental health is a multifaceted issue that needs an effective whole-systems partnership response. HMICS set out a number of recommendations for Police Scotland, the Scottish Police Authority and the Scottish Government. As part of our commitment to implement the review’s recommendations, the Scottish Government, the Scottish Police Authority and Police Scotland have established a partnership delivery group, or PDG, which is working across organisational boundaries to identify and deliver support to individuals that can be delivered in a person-centred and trauma-informed way.

I am pleased to inform the committee that those on the group have worked together to support the Scottish Government to develop a framework for collaboration. The framework, which will very shortly be published, aims to promote—crucially—a multi-agency collaborative approach to improving local distress pathways. Alongside the framework, a mental health and policing action plan will be published, outlining numerous collaborative commitments across sectors, which will further bolster the PDG’s aim of improving the multi-agency approach to mental distress.

I extend my heartfelt thanks and gratitude to our partners for their support in developing the framework and collaborative commitments, and I acknowledge the tireless efforts of all those who continue to contribute to the delivery of mental health services, including our ambulance, policing and third sector partners, whose roles are crucial.

In all of this, partnership working is undoubtedly the key that will unlock many shared challenges. It is only by working together that we can deliver real, lasting and meaningful change. The Scottish Government remains fully committed to continuing the partnership approach that has been so crucial to the development of the framework and collaborative commitments, particularly as we move forward to implementation.

Policing is absolutely is a 24/7 service, but so is health—

It is a 24/7 service, although I acknowledge that some services are not available 24/7.

The work of the mental health unscheduled care network and partnership is particularly important in this area, and there is specific investment in and a strand of programmed work on unscheduled care with regard to mental health. Obviously, this forms part of the enhanced mental health pathway, and the use of the mental health index has been rolled out across Police Scotland, too.

However, I would point out that the police can access clinicians 24/7; in particular, they have access to the mental health hub via NHS 24, and, as I outlined in my opening remarks, that access can happen directly through the command and control centres. I would highlight, too, the work of the distress brief intervention programme, to which referrals can be made not just from the command and control centres but from an operational on-the-ground centre. Obviously, that might also involve third sector partners.

As for assessments of those who are impacted by substance misuse, I will ask Alastair Cook to address that matter, but my understanding is that things have moved on in the past decade or so—and certainly since Mr MacGregor and I were in the field—and that, unless someone’s functions and communication have been severely impacted by intoxication, assessments can still take place if the person has consumed substances. However, I will ask Dr Cook to say a wee bit more about that, because I think that you might find it interesting.

I believe that I do understand the direct impact that mental health-related calls and issues in our community have on policing. There is a reason why our work around mental health and policing features in the programme for government, and I hope that that gives out the strongest possible signal and demonstration that we take that range of matters very seriously indeed.

I am conscious of the evidence that has been given by the policing associations—the Scottish Police Federation and the Association of Scottish Police Superintendents—and the chief constable. I think that I mentioned earlier that the vast majority—87 per cent—of the 100,000 mental health-related calls that are received by the police involve no offence.

At the tail end of last year, when the chief constable gave evidence to the Scottish Police Authority in November, she mentioned the fact that, on a busy day, the police can get three to four calls a minute in relation to mental health, which equates to 600 police officers per year. That is a very stark statistic. From the adult support and protection work that I am involved in, I also know that in excess of 40,000 adult support and protection referrals are made, nearly 30 per cent of which come from the police.

I accept that too many people still go through the wrong door, if I can put it like that. However, we can demonstrate—the committee has heard evidence on this from a range of stakeholders—the breadth and depth of the work that is being done in this area. There needs to be clarity on people’s respective roles and functions, and I do not think such clarity always exists. I hear different views expressed by different stakeholders about what they think their partners should or should not be doing, but I am very conscious that, under section 32(a) of the Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Act 2012,

“the main purpose of policing is to improve the safety and well-being of persons, localities and communities in Scotland”.

By its very nature, that is not a narrow responsibility.

I make it crystal clear that the whole purpose of my interest and commitment in this area of work is absolutely to improve services to individuals, but it is also to ensure that policing resources are deployed appropriately and that the demand on policing is reduced.