Seòmar agus comataidhean

Is that right? That is on the official record. [Laughter.]

At the moment, SEPA and Zero Waste Scotland are collaborating on work on aggregation, involving an analysis of where plastics that are not covered under the deposit return scheme would go for processing and what the volume of that plastic is. That information is going to be useful to potential developers.

Whether there would need to be any changes to regulations is not something that has been flagged to me as an issue at all.

Kenny MacDermid has just given me what I think is the final figure for the funding to date, which is £87 million. That is for lots of things—the growth deal, additional resources, studies that have been done on hydrogen, and something that I should have mentioned when we were discussing project willow, which is the £2 million funding for the feasibility study on the pipeline. When we think about project willow, project GRACE—or the Grangemouth advanced capture project—the biorefinery and so on, we can see that the numbers all mount up. I can certainly furnish the committee with that information in writing.

I have had many conversations with UK Government ministers on that. It is no secret to say that I was very disappointed that Grangemouth was not factored in when those initial announcements were made and Teeside was allocated £50 million. Given that project willow had probably just published its report, in which SAF was one of the nine options, it would be an understatement to say that I was surprised about that. I am not telling you anything that Ed Miliband and Michael Shanks do not know. They know how disappointed I was about that.

There is an opportunity for some of that funding to be leveraged into Grangemouth. The refinery is an ideal place for SAF production. Indeed, the Scottish Government funded some studies to allow Petroineos to bottom out its capability to produce SAF in Scotland. One of the reasons why that was not progressed is that, at the time, the previous UK Government was against removing the HEFA cap. That put a limit on Petroineos’s ambitions in that area.

Petroineos was quite up front—this was mentioned at the Grangemouth future industry board, when ministers from the previous UK Government were involved—that the HEFA cap was a real barrier to it progressing anything on sustainable aviation fuel or any biorefining projects, in relation to which the Scottish Government had given it funding to carry out studies. That was a missed opportunity.

What you have asked about, Mr MacDonald, is exactly what I have been putting to the UK Government. I hope that I am being listened to.

We did not want this situation, Mr Coffey. We wanted Petroineos to make different decisions and potentially take forward some of the things for which the Scottish Government was offering part funding, such as switching to a different type of refinery. I have outlined some of them today. We also wanted Petroineos to extend its refining process in order for there not to be a gap between the cessation of refining and bringing new opportunities on stream. Believe me, we tried our best, but a commercial decision was made by its shareholders and its board to do it the way that it has been done, and it is for them to answer why they did it in such a way.

I want to come back to the point about how well-placed Grangemouth, as an industrial cluster, is for new opportunities. Grangemouth has had it tough in the last year, and the closure is devastating for the wider community—the refinery has been there for more than 100 years and it is totemic. There are 400 or 500 high-value jobs associated with the plant. There are other viable industries in the Grangemouth cluster that are still there and working but looking to the future as to how they can expand and diversify.

As devastating as it is that Petroineos has made the decision to cease refining at Grangemouth, with project willow bringing in other opportunities that are associated not only with the refinery but with the wider cluster, there is an opportunity for Grangemouth to become a real powerhouse. It is connected in the pipeline infrastructure; it is associated with the green port; it is ideally located in the heart of Scotland; it is on the Firth of Forth; and it is an industrial cluster that has a long-term future.

Michelle Thomson mentioned some areas where we could focus our energy on what the site could become in the future. At the moment, our focus is on reducing the gap between the refinery closure and what that future will be, as much as possible. Many of the workers have been redeployed to other parts of the Ineos company, and there have been fairs at which other companies, such as Scottish Power, have offered jobs to workers who are facing redundancy. Forth Valley College is providing those workers with opportunities for reskilling and filling in skills gaps. Those opportunities have been accelerated by the money that has come in from the Scottish and UK Governments. The college has a centre of excellence, which is making a wider offer to the area through the courses that it is providing related to future jobs that are associated with a just transition.

However, the central fact remains that workers were given notice of redundancy and are having to find other work, with the exception of the small percentage of them who are being redeployed to the import terminal, and the ones who are involved in the decommissioning of the site. It is a staged approach, but the fact remains that refining has ceased there.

It is not the way that things should be done. The role for Governments is to try to encourage different decisions to be made. Where we are unable to do that, we are trying to reduce the gap as much as possible. We are working at pace through the task force to say that the site is absolutely open for business in order to bring low-carbon opportunities into that cluster. I hope that, in however many years’ time, we can look back and say that, although we did not want what happened to happen, it was a turning point for Grangemouth that enabled it to become a low-carbon industry cluster.

When I came into post as Minister for Energy, one of my first meetings was with the Scottish cluster, which, at that point, was hopeful of getting track status. It has been marched up a hill so many times, but the previous UK Government never committed to getting it track status. We pledged money to the cluster for the point at which it would need it. I had very strong signals from the cluster that it would ask for the money when it needed it; it did not see it as worth while to take the money that the Scottish Government had pledged when there was no track status guarantee. The pledge absolutely stands, and I really hope that there is an announcement on that today.

Everyone was very surprised that the project did not achieve track status under the previous Government, because it was one of the most viable carbon capture, utilisation and storage projects out there. The core team included Storegga and Petroineos, and other partners included Shell. They all wanted to take advantage of the infrastructure that we have in Scotland, including the geological infrastructure—the empty reservoirs in the North Sea—and to harness some of the work that had been done, even more than 15 years ago, when CCUS was originally funded by the UK Government. That funding was then taken away. The cluster has been very patient.

However, I also want to say that the Acorn project has the biggest capacity in the whole of the UK in relation to the amount of CO₂ that can be taken, and it potentially rivals some of the reservoirs that the Norwegians have earmarked for CCUS. There is huge capacity that could take CO₂ from all over the UK and also help our European neighbours to decarbonise some of the hard-to-abate sectors across Europe. On many occasions, the Climate Change Committee has said to both the UK and Scottish Governments that CCUS is absolutely essential for us to meet our 2045 net zero target and our UK 2050 net zero target.

I am cautiously hopeful—but very hopeful—that, in the spending review today, the current UK Government will make the commitment that previous Governments failed to make. I will be first in the queue to welcome that.

I am having very regular conversations with all energy producers in Scotland about workforce issues, capacity and potential for changing to different activities associated with the just transition. The Deputy First Minister is having the same conversations with regard to economic growth and the green industrial strategy, and the First Minister is having them as well. That is happening across all the areas that will be involved in the just transition as we decarbonise and look to maximise the opportunities that exist, particularly from Scotland’s renewables proposition. The green industrial strategy is absolutely at the heart of that—of its five main areas, the majority are energy based.

If you are looking for detail on the matter, we can get it to the committee.

This will not be easy to summarise.

Recycling is one of our medium-term opportunities. The Circular Economy (Scotland) Act 2024 set the direction of travel in relation to where Scotland wants to be on the circular economy. We also have things happening at a pan-UK level, such as the deposit return scheme and the producer liability stream.

One thing that comes through the Circular Economy (Scotland) Act 2024 is that, wherever possible, we want to take as much as possible of our waste or feedstock to whatever domestic recycling opportunity exists; we do not want to be sending it elsewhere. We are therefore doing an analysis or study of what recycling opportunities look like in Scotland at the moment and where the gaps are, particularly with a view to the development of the DRS and the waste route map. That is a huge opportunity for the Grangemouth cluster, and we are mapping recycling facilities in Scotland and where the gaps and opportunities are. There are massive opportunities in that area. We want to know where the feedstock comes from and about any opportunities to turn plastics into fuels and so on.

We have engaged with a number of potential developers on the recommendation around the aggregation of waste plastics, on which we are working with the Scottish Environment Protection Agency and Zero Waste Scotland.

In relation to HEFA, there is obviously the investment and project side of things, but the other part of the task force’s work is to identify where regulatory change has to happen in order to remove any barriers to investment. A very live and granular conversation is being had about that. Most of the things that need to be done in relation to regulation sit with the UK Government, but it is completely open to looking at that.

We are not standing still and waiting for the regulations to change with regard to the HEFA cap; we are looking at what Scotland could offer in terms of feedstock. That is why the James Hutton Institute and Scotland’s Rural College are doing the pilot study. The study should report in July, after which there will be trials, in late summer, of the type of crops and the viability of those crops. I will be working closely with my colleagues in the rural affairs team in the Scottish Government, because that work will make a material difference to what we grow in Scotland and where the land is for growing it.

I have mentioned some of the issues around sustainable aviation fuel. My assessment is that airlines want to use more SAF, but that there are few opportunities for them to buy that in the UK, which leads to some of the issues that Mr MacDonald mentioned and to them procuring quite a lot of it from Europe. Regulation in that area is reserved to the UK Government.

No one has mentioned hydrogen so far, but we have had some good news around RWE’s plans, which are supported by Ineos. Ineos was successful in the second hydrogen allocation round, which is fantastic news, because it means that there is an opportunity to have RWE come and invest in the Grangemouth area and produce hydrogen there. There is a lot going on around hydrogen, but, again, regulation in that area sits at a UK-Government level.

I assure Daniel Johnson that there is a synergy on the part of the two Governments’ ambitions to remove barriers in order for progress to be made on some of the projects that Jan Robertson and her team are looking at. If there are any regulatory barriers, they will be identified, flushed out and, hopefully, tackled.

I am glad that you asked me that, because a narrative has been put out there that we are reacting to the decision that the shareholders of Petroineos made last year, when, in fact, work has been on-going for quite a long time. The Scottish Government has been working with Petroineos in particular to prepare for a just transition, or a transition in the type of work that it would do, and I have a list here of the projects that we have worked on.

In 2021, the Scottish Government provided financial support to project GRACE, which investigated a range of potential decarbonisation interventions across Grangemouth. In 2022, the business provided 50 per cent of the funding for a biorefinery pre-appraisal study for biofuels, and the Scottish Government matched the funding. Appraisal studies on fuel switching, net zero and blue hydrogen projects were funded by a 50:50 split between Ineos and the Scottish Government. There was a further study on the biorefinery in 2023, and project willow was completed last year.

It is unfortunate that the shareholders did not want to progress any of those projects. That is a real shame, because I think that there was appetite from the workers and the management of the refinery to progress those opportunities. When I first came into post as Minister for Energy, I visited the refinery to discuss some of the outcomes of the biorefinery appraisal study, and the excitement was palpable. However, the shareholders and owners did not want to take it forward. It is not true to say that project willow was done in an emergency situation—the Government, working with Ineos, has been building the case for the refinery to change what it produced for quite some time. When it comes down to it, the company made a decision not to go forward with any of those projects, based on the views of the shareholders and the board.

The fact is that that work remains: it has been done and it fed into project willow. The study was funded by both Governments, and Petroineos led the work. Up to the point that the study was published, the work was done by EY, and it is now being taken forward by Scottish Enterprise and the task force. A great deal of work has been done in preparation for what we knew could happen.